Electrode With Interconnection Design for Miniature Electrochemical Cells and Methods of Making

ABSTRACT

Miniature electrodes and electrochemical cells are disclosed. Such electrodes are made from forming an electrode mixture onto a current collector and distal end of a feedthrough pin such that the current collector and distal end of the feedthrough pin is encapsulated. The methods and electrode assemblies disclosed herein allow such electrode assemblies to be made free from the step of directly attaching a formed electrode to a feedthrough pin and thus simplifying assembly and decreasing size.

FIELD

The invention is related to electrodes for electrochemical cells andmethods of making such electrodes and electrochemical cells.

BACKGROUND

The following discussion discloses electrodes and electrochemical cellsand methods of making such electrodes and cells for use in animplantable medical device (IMD) that is very compact, such that IMD canbe readily implanted in small spaces within the patient's anatomy, andsuch that the IMD is less likely to cause patient discomfort.Additionally, manufacturing of the electrodes and electrochemical cellsfor such IMDs can be facilitated due to several features, which will bedescribed in greater detail below.

SUMMARY

Electrode assemblies and methods of making such electrode assemblies aredisclosed. In one embodiment, an electrode assembly comprises a currentcollector attached to a distal portion of a feedthrough pin, and anelectrode that includes electrode material encapsulating the attachedcurrent collector and the distal portion of the feedthrough pin.

In another embodiment, a method of making an electrode assembly includesattaching a current collector to a distal portion of a feedthrough pinand forming a solid electrode electrically coupled to the currentcollector and the feedthrough pin, the solid electrode encapsulating thecurrent collector and the distal portion of the feedthrough pin.

In another embodiment, an electrochemical cell includes a housing, anelectrode assembly partially within the housing, the electrode assemblycomprising a current collector attached to a distal portion of afeedthrough pin and a first electrode comprising a first electrodematerial encapsulating the attached current collector and the distalportion of the feedthrough pin, a proximate portion of the feedthroughpin extending from the housing, and a second electrode within thehousing and electrically coupled to the housing, the first electrodeelectrically insulated from the housing and the second electrode.

In another embodiment, method includes assembling an electrode assemblycomprising the steps of attaching a current collector to a distalportion of a feedthrough pin and forming a solid first electrodeelectrically coupled to the current collector and feedthrough pin from afirst electrode material coupled to the feedthrough pin and the attachedcurrent collector and encapsulating the current collector, and insertingthe electrode assembly into a housing, the housing containing a secondelectrode electrically coupled to the housing and the housing configuredto electrically insulate the first electrode from the housing and thesecond electrode.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts an embodiment of an assembly method for anelectrochemical cell and an embodiment of an electrode assemble andelectrochemical cell of the disclosure;

FIG. 2 depicts another embodiment of an assembly method for anelectrochemical cell and another embodiment of an electrode assemble andelectrochemical cell of the disclosure;

FIG. 3 depicts an embodiment of a solid electrode useful in theelectrochemical cells of the disclosure;

FIG. 4 depicts an embodiment of a press assembly useful for makingelectrode assemblies of the disclosure;

FIG. 5 depicts a press frame in an open position;

FIG. 6 depicts a press assembly useful in making electrode assemblies ofthe disclosure;

FIG. 7 depicts a cross-sectional view of a press assembly;

FIG. 8 depicts an enlarged cross-sectional view of a portion of a pressassembly prior to formation of an electrode; and

FIG. 9 depicts another cross sectional view of a press assemblycontaining an electrode assembly post forming.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As used herein, “encapsulating” also includes substantiallyencapsulating wherein an outline of the top of the current collector isvisible or a fraction of the top of the current collector protrudes fromthe formed electrode;

“Anode” and “cathode” are used as these terms are commonly understood inreference to electrochemical cells, for example, batteries andcapacitors.

The methods and electrode assemblies of the invention can be used toassemble electrochemical cells, for example batteries and capacitors.Such batteries and capacitors are useful in compact IMDs that can beimplanted within small spaces of an anatomy, such as the vasculature oran organ, for example, a chamber of the heart. One embodiment of anelectrochemical cell and a method of assembling such cell are shown inFIG. 1. In this embodiment, assembly step 10 includes attaching afeedthrough 14 to the feedthrough pin 16, attaching a cover 12 onto thefeedthrough 14 by welding, for example, laser beam welding which ishermetically attached to a feedthrough pin 16 to form a feedthroughassembly 22. A solid, cylindrical or “puck-shaped” anode 18 is placedinto an outer case 19. As shown in FIG. 1, the feedthrough pin is asolid, unitary pin that extends continuously from its distal tip,extending through the solid electrode, through the feedthrough 14 andextending outward from the feedthrough.

Assembly step 20 includes sliding an insulator disk 24 over thefeedthrough pin 16 and adjacent to the feedthrough 14 and a conductivecurrent collector 26 is attached to the distal end of the feedthroughpin 27, for example, by welding, to form a header assembly 34. A diskshaped separator 28 is placed into the outer case 19 and adjacent theanode 18.

A cylindrical and tubular cathode insulator 32 is placed within theouter case 19 for isolation of a cathode from the wall of the outer case19 in assembly step 30. As shown in assembly step 40, a solid andcylindrically shaped cathode 42 is formed onto and encapsulates theattached current collector 26 and a distal portion of the feedthroughpin, including the attachment points, for example, welds, where thecurrent collector is attached to the feedthrough pin. Details on how thecathode is formed onto the current collector and feedthrough pin areprovided below.

The resulting cathode assembly 44 can be mated with the anode assembly46 and an electrolyte can be introduced through the fill port 13 toprovide an electrochemical cell 52 at assembly step 50. Such assemblymethods provide a complete electrode or cathode assembly 44 which doesnot require separate attachment of an electrode to a feedthrough pin,for example, between the cap 12 and the electrode 42 or otherwise,within the electrochemical cell. In other words, the feedthrough pin isunitary or a single piece (other than an attached current collector)from the distal end of the electrode through the cap and extendingoutward. The cover can be attached to the outer case, for example,welded to the case via a continuous weld along the contact areas.

Of course, the shapes of the anode, cathode, and outer case can varydepending upon the application. For example, the cross section of theanode and cathode can be circular, elliptical, ovate, and othergeometrical shapes and can be adapted based on the shape of the outercase. For example, FIG. 3 shows a generally cylindrical anode 140 havinga tapered or beveled distal end 142 for conforming to the interiordistal end or bottom of the outer case 144. Additionally, the shape ofthe current collector can be varied. Typically, the current collector isrectangular and planar and can have varying lengths. The current collectcan be other shapes including a simple pin shape, a looped wire, aplastically deformed wire, a wire mesh, or any other shape that improvesadhesion and electrical connectivity to the feedthrough pin.

Another embodiment of an electrochemical cell and a method of assemblingsuch cell are shown in FIG. 2. In assembly step 100, a feedthroughassembly 102 is provided and an insulator disk 102 and current collector106 are assembled and attached as described above to from a headerassembly 111. In assembly step 110, a cylindrical and tubular anode 112is placed within an outer case 114. A cathode 122 is formed onto andencapsulates the current collector 106 and a distal portion of thefeedthrough pin 124. Details on how the cathode is formed onto thecurrent collector and feedthrough pin are provided below. A tubularseparator 126 is concentrically placed within the tubular anode 112 andwithin the outer case 114. The cathode assembly 128 is mated with theanode assembly 129 and an electrolyte can be introduced through the fillport 13 to provide an electrochemical cell 132.

Materials used in the electrochemical cells described in thisapplication are those materials that are suitable for use in such cells.For instance, feedthrough pins are typically made from metals such asplatinum, niobium, molybdenum, titanium alloys (such as Ti6Al4V ELI,Ti3Al2.5V), and stainless steels and alloys or any of them; covers andouter cases are typically made from metals such as titanium, aluminum,and stainless steels; feedthroughs are typically made from metals suchas titanium, stainless steel, and alloys of either and contain sealingmaterials including glass, such as CABAL 12, and LaBor-4; separators aretypically made from materials comprising porous polypropylene films,such as commercially available CELGARD 2500 and CELGARD 4560 films fromCelgard LLC, Charlotte, N.C.; insulator disks and cathode insulators aretypically made of polymeric materials such as polypropylene and ethylenetetrafluoroethylene (ETFE); current collectors are typically comprisedof an electrically conductive material such as titanium, aluminum,vanadium, nickel or alloys and mixtures or any of them; anodes forbatteries are typically lithium metal, and anodes for capacitors aretypically aluminum, tantalum, niobium, and alloys of any of these;electrode materials for cathodes comprise mixtures of silver vanadiumoxide (SVO) powder and carbon mono fluoride (CFx) powder and may furthercomprise carbon black or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), or acombination of both; useful electrolytes include those electrodes thatcomprise LIBF4 or LiAsF6, for example, containing a mixture of LiBF4,gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and dimethoxyethane (DME), or a mixture ofLiAsF6, propylene carbonate (PC), and DME.

An exemplary method of making an electrode described in this disclosure,for example, a cathode will be described in greater detail. Generally,in one embodiment, a header assembly, for example 111, is placed withina device such that the current collector and distal portion of the feedthrough pin is within a mold or press die. Electrode material is addedto the mold and the electrode material is compressed or pressed onto thecurrent collector and conforming to the walls of the mold or press dieand press punches.

FIG. 4 shows a press apparatus 200 useful for in methods of formingelectrode assemblies of the disclosure. Press apparatus 200 includes apress frame 210 and a press assembly 220. The press frame 210 is used toconvert downward force illustrated by arrow 212 to synchronized opposingpress motion or forces, illustrated by arrows 214 onto the pressassembly 220. The opposing press forces 214 also hold the press assemblyrigidly in place. FIG. 5 shows press frame in the open position afterthe application of an upward force illustrated by arrow 216. Downwardforce 212 may be applied by methods and devices known to those skilledin the art, for example, a hydraulic or servo press. The press frame istypically made from metal, for example steel.

FIG. 6 is a magnified depiction of press assembly 220 and FIG. 7 is across-sectional view of the press assembly shown in FIG. 6. Majorcomponents of press assembly 220 include a die frame, die assembly 224and force transfer posts 226. The force transfer posts 226 transfer thehorizontal force 214 from the press frame 210 to the opposed presspunches 228 in the die assembly.

FIG. 8 shows a cross-section of a portion of a die assembly 300 and across section of a header assembly 302 between open opposed presspunches 304 with electrode material within the space defined by the openpress punches. The electrode material 306 fills the volume of the spacedefined by the open press punches and surrounds or encompasses thecurrent collector 308 and distal portion of the feedthrough pin 310 andincluding the attachment points, for example, welds where the currentcollector is attached to the feedthrough pin. The attached currentcollector 308 is oriented such that the bidirectional pressing forcesare applied to the major surfaces 312 of the current collector asopposed to the minor surfaces 314. The die assembly 300 is designed andprovided so that the current collector and distal end of the feedthroughpin is substantially centered with the space between the open presspunches and the distal end of the current collector is within suchspace. After being formed, the volume of the electrode material isdecreased by a factor of 4×, in other embodiments, 5×, or 3×. Of course,the volume of any compressed electrode material depends upon theparticular composition, its morphology, particle size, and the like.

FIG. 9 shows an embodiment of an electrode assembly 316 after electrodematerial has been compacted or pressed or compressed between the presspunches 304 to form a solid electrode that encapsulates the currentcollector. The terms “encapsulates and “encapsulating” includessubstantially encapsulates and substantially encapsulating wherein anoutline of the top of the current collector is visible or a fraction ofthe top of the current collector protrudes from the formed electrode.

Typically, the electrode material is compacted, pressed or compressedwithin the die assembly through synchronized bidirectional pressingforces, that is, opposed forces generated from substantiallysimultaneous movement of each press punch toward the current collectorsuch that each press punch moves or travels substantially the samedistance, but in an opposed direction such that distance “X” 301substantially equals distance “X′” 303 (FIG. 8). The electrode materialis pressed or compressed until the desired density and geometry of thesolid electrode is reached. Typical applied force ranges from about 200to 500 N, including all points and ranges in between. Once the electrodeis made, it is removed from the press assembly and then the entireassembly can easily be inserted and joined to an outer case to completean electrochemical cell without the step of attaching or welding anelectrode to a feedthrough pin.

The methods, electrode assemblies and electrochemical cells described inthis disclosure are useful in implantable medical device described in,for example, U.S. application Ser. Nos. 12/547,903, 12/548,234;12/549,469; 12/549,572 filed on May 29, 2009; and incorporated byreference in this application for the description of the implantablemedical devices.

The foregoing description of the embodiments has been provided forpurposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to beexhaustive or to limit the invention. Individual elements or features ofa particular embodiment are generally not limited to that particularembodiment, but, where applicable, are interchangeable and can be usedin a selected embodiment, even if not specifically shown or described.The same may also be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to beregarded as a departure from the invention, and all such modificationsare intended to be included within the scope of the invention.

Exemplary embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will bethorough, and will fully convey the scope to those who are skilled inthe art. Numerous specific details are set forth such as examples ofspecific components, devices, and methods, to provide a thoroughunderstanding of embodiments of the present disclosure. It will beapparent to those skilled in the art that specific details need not beemployed, that exemplary embodiments may be embodied in many differentforms and that neither should be construed to limit the scope of thedisclosure. In some exemplary embodiments, well-known processes,well-known device structures, and well-known technologies are notdescribed in detail.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularexemplary embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As usedherein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” may be intended toinclude the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicatesotherwise. The terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “including,” and“having,” are inclusive and therefore specify the presence of statedfeatures, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, butdo not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features,integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groupsthereof. The method steps, processes, and operations described hereinare not to be construed as necessarily requiring their performance inthe particular order discussed or illustrated, unless specificallyidentified as an order of performance. It is also to be understood thatadditional or alternative steps may be employed.

When an element or layer is referred to as being “on”, “engaged to”,“connected to” or “coupled to” another element or layer, it may bedirectly on, engaged, connected or coupled to the other element orlayer, or intervening elements or layers may be present. In contrast,when an element is referred to as being “directly on,” “directly engagedto”, “directly connected to” or “directly coupled to” another element orlayer, there may be no intervening elements or layers present. Otherwords used to describe the relationship between elements should beinterpreted in a like fashion (e.g., “between” versus “directlybetween,” “adjacent” versus “directly adjacent,” etc.). As used herein,the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more ofthe associated listed items. Although the terms first, second, third,etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components,regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions,layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These termsmay be only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer orsection from another region, layer or section. Terms such as “first,”“second,” and other numerical terms when used herein do not imply asequence or order unless clearly indicated by the context. Thus, a firstelement, component, region, layer or section discussed below could betermed a second element, component, region, layer or section withoutdeparting from the teachings of the exemplary embodiments.

Spatially relative terms, such as “inner,” “outer,” “beneath”, “below”,“lower”, “above”, “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease ofdescription to describe one element or feature's relationship to anotherelement(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. Spatiallyrelative terms may be intended to encompass different orientations ofthe device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depictedin the figures.

1. A method of making an electrode assembly for an electrochemical cellcomprising the steps of: attaching a current collector to a distalportion of a feedthrough pin; and forming a solid electrode electricallycoupled to the current collector and the feedthrough pin, the solidelectrode encapsulating the current collector and the distal portion ofthe feedthrough pin.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the solidelectrode is formed by compressing an electrode material onto thefeedthrough pin and the attached current collector.
 3. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the step of attaching a current collector to afeedthrough pin includes welding the current collector to thefeedthrough pin.
 4. The method of claim 1 further comprising the stepsof attaching a feedthrough to the feedthrough pin distal from thecurrent collector, fitting a housing cover onto the feedthrough andfitting a feedthrough insulator adjacent to the housing cover and thefeedthrough.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the electrode materialcomprises a mixture of silver vanadium oxide and carbon mono-fluoride.6. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of forming an electrodeincludes compressing the electrode material with synchronizedbidirectional pressing forces.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein thecurrent collector has a planar shape.
 8. The method of claim 5 whereinthe bidirectional pressing forces are perpendicular to an axis of thefeedthrough pin.
 9. The method of claim 7 wherein the current collectorhas a planar shape having major and minor surfaces and the planarcurrent collector is oriented such that the bidirectional pressingforces are applied to the major surfaces of the planar currentcollector.
 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of pressing theelectrode material includes pressing the electrode material within amold.
 11. An electrode assembly comprising: a current collector attachedto a distal portion of a feedthrough pin; and an electrode comprisingelectrode material encapsulating the attached current collector and thedistal portion of the feedthrough pin.
 12. The electrode assembly ofclaim 11 wherein the electrode material comprises silver vanadium oxideand carbon mono-fluoride.
 13. The electrode assembly of claim 11 whereinthe current collector is welded to the distal portion of the feedthroughpin.
 14. The electrode assembly of claim 11 further comprising afeedthrough attached to the feedthrough pin distal from the currentcollector.
 15. The electrode assembly of claim 13 further comprising acover fitted onto the feedthrough.
 16. The electrode assembly of claim14 further comprising a feedthrough insulator disposed between thefeedthrough and the electrode.
 17. The electrode assembly of claim 10wherein the electrode is a cathode.
 18. A method comprising the stepsof: assembling an electrode assembly comprising the steps of attaching acurrent collector to a distal portion of a feedthrough pin and forming asolid first electrode electrically coupled to the current collector andfeedthrough pin from a first electrode material coupled to thefeedthrough pin and the attached current collector and encapsulating thecurrent collector; and inserting the electrode assembly into a housing,the housing containing a second electrode electrically coupled to thehousing and the housing configured to electrically insulate the firstelectrode from the housing and the second electrode.
 19. Anelectrochemical cell comprising: a housing; an electrode assemblypartially within the housing, the electrode assembly comprising acurrent collector attached to a distal portion of a feedthrough pin anda first electrode comprising a first electrode material encapsulatingthe attached current collector and the distal portion of the feedthroughpin, a proximate portion of the feedthrough pin extending from thehousing; and a second electrode within the housing and electricallycoupled to the housing, the first electrode electrically insulated fromthe housing and the second electrode.
 20. The electrochemical cell ofclaim 19 further comprising an electrolyte.
 21. The electrochemical cellof claim 19 wherein the first electrode is substantially in the form ofa cylinder.